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Pogge, Richard W. (1997). "The Once & Future Sun". New Vistas in Astronomy. Archived from the original on 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 7 December 2005. where β g {\displaystyle \beta _{g}} = 27° 07′ 42.01″ and α g {\displaystyle \alpha _{g}} = 12h 51m 26.282s are the declination and right ascension of the north galactic pole, [231] whereas β e {\displaystyle \beta _{e}} = 66° 33′ 38.6″ and α e {\displaystyle \alpha _{e}} = 18h 0m 00s are those for the north pole of the ecliptic. (Both pairs of coordinates are for J2000 epoch.) The result of the calculation is 60.19°.

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A Star with two North Poles". NASA Science: Share the Science. 22 April 2003. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022. Gough, D. O. (November 1981). "Solar Interior Structure and Luminosity Variations". Solar Physics. 74 (1): 21–34. Bibcode: 1981SoPh...74...21G. doi: 10.1007/BF00151270. S2CID 120541081. Main articles: Asteroid belt and Asteroid Linear map of the inner Solar System, showing many asteroid populations The asteroid belt and Kuiper belt are not added because the individual asteroids are too small to be shown on the diagram.

With Take 3 you can choose to pay less than the Take 3 amount. However, if you do, interest will be charged The astronomical unit [AU] (150,000,000km; 93,000,000mi) would be the distance from the Earth to the Sun if the planet's orbit were perfectly circular. [54] For comparison, the radius of the Sun is 0.0047AU (700,000km; 400,000mi). [55] Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (10 −5%) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly one millionth (10 −6) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 astronomical units (780,000,000km; 480,000,000mi) from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000km (0.00047AU; 44,000mi), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30AU (4.5 ×10 9km; 2.8 ×10 9mi) from the Sun. [48] [56] The scattered disc, which overlaps the Kuiper belt but extends out to near 500 AU, is thought to be the source of short-period comets. Scattered-disc objects are believed to have been perturbed into erratic orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune's early outward migration. Most scattered disc objects (SDOs) have perihelia within the Kuiper belt but aphelia far beyond it (some more than 150AU from the Sun). SDOs' orbits can also be inclined up to 46.8° from the ecliptic plane. [177] Some astronomers consider the scattered disc to be merely another region of the Kuiper belt and describe scattered-disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects". [178] Some astronomers also classify centaurs as inward-scattered Kuiper belt objects along with the outward-scattered residents of the scattered disc. [179] Eris and Gonggong The Solar System lies well outside the star-crowded environs of the Galactic Center. Near the center, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. The intense radiation of the Galactic Center could also interfere with the development of complex life. [232] Stellar flybys that pass within 0.8 light-years of the Sun occur roughly once every 100,000years. The closest well-measured approach was Scholz's Star, which approached to 52 +23

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The four outer planets, also called giant planets or Jovian planets, collectively make up 99% of the mass known to orbit the Sun. [f] Jupiter and Saturn are together more than 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of the gases hydrogen and helium, hence their designation as gas giants. [129] Uranus and Neptune are far less massive—less than 20 Earth masses ( M 🜨) each—and are composed primarily of ice. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest they belong in their own category, ice giants. [130] All four giant planets have rings, although only Saturn's ring system is easily observed from Earth. The term superior planet designates planets outside Earth's orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars. [89] The next closest known fusors to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9ly), Wolf 359 (7.8ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3ly). [220] The nearest brown dwarfs belong to the binary Luhman 16 system (6.6ly), and the closest known rogue or free-floating planetary-mass object at less than 10 Jupiter masses is the sub-brown dwarf WISE 0855−0714 (7.4ly). [221]Devitt, Terry (14 October 2008). "New images yield clues to seasons of Uranus". phys.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021 . Retrieved 20 April 2022. Chrysostomou, A.; Lucas, P. W. (2005). "The Formation of Stars". Contemporary Physics. 46 (1): 29–40. Bibcode: 2005ConPh..46...29C. doi: 10.1080/0010751042000275277. S2CID 120275197. To a good first approximation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects around the Sun. [34] :433–437 These laws stipulate that each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus, which causes the body's distance from the Sun to vary over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion, whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion. [35] :9-6 With the exception of Mercury, the orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws only account for the influence of the Sun's gravity upon an orbiting body, not the gravitational pulls of different bodies upon each other. On a human time scale, these additional perturbations can be accounted for using numerical models, [35] :9-6 but the planetary system can change chaotically over billions of years. [36]