The Building of a Nation: The Growth, Present Condition and Resources of the United States With a Forecast of the Future

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Keith Darden and Anna Grzymala-Busse. 2006. "The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse." World Politics, Volume 59 (October): 83-115. Umut (2010). Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (2nded.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p.78.

Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post– Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy and capitalist free market economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama, in The End of History and the Last Man, argued that the world had reached a Hegelian "end of history". Giving up his ambitions and dreams, Patel followed in the footsteps of the Mahatma nursing the cherished desire of freedom. 'I took to this life after mature consideration and not on the spur of the moment' he said of his decision. The British had set up an efficient system of administration in India. When they left, a number of British officers returned to England. Several Muslim officers in the administration moved to Pakistan. As a result there were gaps in ensuring a smooth continuity of the administrative system. In these circumstances, Sardar Patel envisioned an Indian Administrative Service cadre along the lines of the Indian Civil Services that existed before and created a special recruitment board for the purpose. He also began to build and strengthen democratically elected councils and peoples representatives. Over 75,000 soldiers of the armies of the erstwhile Princely States were amalgamated into the Indian army. Safdar, Ghulam, Ghulam Shabir, and Abdul Wajid Khan. "Media's Role in Nation Building: Social, Political, Religious and Educational Perspectives." Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) 38.2 (2018). online Giatzidis, Emil (2002). An Introduction to Post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, Economic and Social Transformations. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719060953. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 11 February 2015– via Google Books.James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications.

Sardar Patel never interfered in my work. I did my job in the full knowledge that I had his authority to carry out his policy. He accepted my views on most matters; if he disagreed, he would tell me so. We would then discuss and argue the issue, and if I succeeded in convincing him of the correctness of my view he would readily accept it. I have never seen him swayed by considerations of prestige' said V.P. Menon speaking of his long association with Sardar Patel. Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds, Nation Building in Comparative Contexts, New York, Atherton, 1966. In her book Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, Liah Greenfeld argued that nationalism was invented in England by 1600. According to Greenfeld, England was “the first nation in the world". [29] [30] Social science [ edit ] Woods, Eric Taylor; Schertzer, Robert; Kaufmann, Eric (April 2011). "Ethno-national conflict and its management". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 49 (2): 154. doi: 10.1080/14662043.2011.564469. S2CID 154796642. Thus the phrase "nations of the world" could be referring to the top-level governments (as in the name for the United Nations), various large geographical territories, or various large ethnic groups of the planet.Depending on the meaning of "nation" used, the term " nation state" could be used to distinguish larger states from small city states, or could be used to distinguish multinational states from those with a single ethnic group. On 15th August, 1947, in an unexpected twist in the saga of Accession, the Nawab of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan. Nation-building is constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. [1] [2] Nation-building aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. According to Harris Mylonas, "Legitimate authority in modern national states is connected to popular rule, to majorities. Nation-building is the process through which these majorities are constructed." [3] In Harris Mylonas's framework, "state elites employ three nation-building policies: accommodation, assimilation, and exclusion." [4] Wimmer, Andreas. "Nation building: Why some countries come together while others fall apart." Survival 60.4 (2018): 151–164.

This is a reliable English translation of Herder’s writings from the second half of the 18th century. Herder argued that “Nature raises families; the most natural state is therefore also one people, with one national character. Through the millennia, this national character is maintained within a people and can be developed most naturally if its native prince so desires, for a people is as much a plant of nature as a family, only with more branches” (p. 128). He is considered as one of the fathers of romantic nationalism. A nation is generally more overtly political than an ethnic group. [2] [3] Benedict Anderson defines a nation as "an imagined political community […] imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion”. [4] The consensus among scholars is that nations are socially constructed, historically contingent, and organizationally flexible. [6] Throughout history, people have had an attachment to their kin group and traditions, territorial authorities and their homeland, but nationalism – the belief that state and nation should align as a nation state – did not become a prominent ideology until the end of the 18th century. [7] Etymology and terminology [ edit ] Latham, Michael E. Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era (U North Carolina Press, 2000) Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp.221–222. ISBN 9780521815390 . Retrieved 11 February 2015– via Google Books.Nation builders are those members of a state who take the initiative to develop the national community through government programs, including military conscription and national content mass schooling. [5] [6] [7] Nation-building can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth. According to Columbia University sociologist Andreas Wimmer, three factors tend to determine the success of nation-building over the long-run: "the early development of civil-society organisations, the rise of a state capable of providing public goods evenly across a territory, and the emergence of a shared medium of communication." [8] [9] [10] A postcard from 1916 showing national personifications of some of the Allies of World War I, each holding a national flag Overview [ edit ] A significant early use of the term nation, as natio, occurred at Medieval universities [23] to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a pays, spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, Jean Gerson was elected twice as a procurator for the French natio. The University of Prague adopted the division of students into nationes: from its opening in 1349 the studium generale which consisted of Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish nations. Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London: Verso Books. Politically, Kashmir had a Hindu Raja as its ruler while its three regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh had a Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist majority respectively. As a result Raja Hari Singh had been sitting on the fence acceding neither to India nor to Pakistan till the date of Independence.